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Applied Behaviour Analysis
(ABA)
ABA uses basic psychological principles of
breaking down tasks and skills into small steps. These small
steps are repeated and the child is reinforced with a reward.
ABA involves a highly structured teaching program, which
is individualised to incorporate all developmental areas.
DTT is associated with Applied Behaviour Analysis and refers
to specific responses to the child with autism and rewards/consequences
for correct and incorrect behaviours.
While the general principles of ABA are used
in many programs, Dr Ivar Lovaas and his colleagues implemented
the use of intensive home based programs. Lovaas therapy
involves up to 40 hours a week of intensive 1:1 teaching
in the home. Parents work with their children and/or employ
therapists to implement the program. University students
are often utilised in this role. Many families employ ABA
agencies (e.g. CARD, ABIA, and ISADD) to facilitate their
programs.
ABA Survey
ABA4Autism.com and the Psychology Department at the University of Tennessee at Martin are conducting a survey on the causes of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This survey is for the mothers of children with ASD as well as mothers of normally developing children who are ten years of age or younger. Mothers who participate in the survey will receive a free ABA program to teach their child to follow directions as well as free ABA mini programs for common problems like sharing. To take the survey please go to http://www.ABA4Autism.com.
ABA Websites
Early Intervention Research project
http://www.ssn.flinders.edu.au/psyc/research/autism/about.php
A Maine Family's Early Intervention Program
for Autism - PDD
http://home.gwi.net/goplay
ABA Resources for Recovery from Autism/PDD/Hyperlexia
http://members.tripod.com/RSaffran/aba.html
Families for Early Autism Treatment
http://www.feat.org
Autism and ABA
http://www.behavior.org
Autism Awakening Intro to ABA
http://autismawakeninginia.bizland.com/autismawakeningintrotoaba/id3.html
Replicating Lovaas’ Treatment and Findings:
Preliminary Results
http://www.iqonline.net/murphy/bradley/replicating.htm
Long-Term Outcome for Children With Autism
Who Received Early Intensive Behavioral Treatment
http://www.iqonline.net/murphy/bradley/lovaas_study.htm
The ME-List
http://www26.addr.com/~me-list
Lovaas Method factsheet
http://w02-0211.web.dircon.net/pubs/factsheet/docs/lovaas.pdf
Intensive Behavioral Interventions for Autistic
Spectrum Disorders
http://icdl.com/lovaas.html
Parents for the Early Intervention of Autism
in Children (UK)
http://www.peach.org.uk
Lovaas Institute for Early Intervention
http://www.lovaas.com/main.html
Why we rejected ABA
http://home.sprintmail.com/~janettevance/why_we_rejected_aba.htm
Consulting Behaviour Therapist (US)
http://www.christinaburkaba.com
Autism Spectrum Consultants (US)
http://www.autismconsultants.com
Families for Early Autism Treatment
http://www.feat.org
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ABA Books
Freeman, S & Drake, L (1996) Teach
me language Langley, BC SKF Books.
Harris, S L & Weiss, M J (1998) Right
from the start: behavioral intervention for young children
with autism: a guide for parents and professionals Bethesda,
MD, Woodbine House.
Johnson, C & Crowder, J (1994) Autism
from tragedy to triumph Boston, MA, Brandon Books.
Keenan, M, Kerr, K P & Dillenburger, K
(2000) Parents’ education as autism therapists
London, Jessica Kingsley.
Leaf, R & McEachin, J (1999) Work in
progress: behavior management and a curriculum New York,
DRL Books.
Lovaas, O I (1981) Teaching developmentally
disabled children: the ME book Austin, TX, Pro-ed.
Maurice, C (1993) Let me hear your voice:
a family’s triumph over autism New York, Fawcett.
Maurice, C (ed) (1996) Behavioral intervention
for young children with autism: a manual for parents and
professionals Austin, TX, Pro-ed.
Maurice, C (ed) (2001) Making a difference:
behavioral intervention for autism Austin, TX, Pro-ed.
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Research
articles on ABA
Anson, J & Wilson, G (1996) "Using
applied behaviour analysis techniques in intensive intervention
for students in a dual mode setting" Paper presented
at the 1996 Victorian Autism Conference: "Leading the
Way".
Birnbrauer, J & Leach, D (1993) "The
Murdoch Early Intervention Program after 2 years" Behaviour
Change Vol 10(2), pp 63-74.
Boyd, R (1987) "Sex as a possible source
of group in equivalence in Lovaas" Journal of Autism
and Developmental Disorders Vol 28 (3), pp 211-215.
Connor, M (1998) "A review of behavioural
early intervention programmes for children with autism"
Educational Psychology in Practice Vol 14 (2), pp
109-117.
Eikeseth, S (2001) "Recent critiques
of the UCLA young autism project" Behavioral Interventions
Oct-Dec Vol 16 (4), pp 249-264.
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental
Disabilities Vol 16(2) Summer 2001 — Special Issue
on Applied Behavior Analysis
Gresham, F & MacMillan, D (1997) "Autistic
recovery? An analysis and critique of the empirical evidence
on the Early Intervention Project" Behavioral Disorders
Aug Vol 22(4), pp 185-210.
Gresham, F & MacMillan, D (1998) "Early
intervention project: Can its claims be substantiated and
its effects replicated?" Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders Feb Vol 28(1), pp 5-13.
Gresham, F & MacMillan, D (1997) "Denial
and defensiveness in the place of fact and reason: rejoinder
to Smith and Lovaas" Behavioral Disorders Aug
Vol 22(4), pp 219-230.
Indiana Resource Center for Autism (1995)
"Lovaas revisited: should we have ever left?"
IRCA Newsletter, Summer Vol 8(3), pp1-7.
Johnson, C (1994) "Interview with Ivar
Lovaas" Advocate Sept-Oct Vol 26(5) pp 12-15
& Nov-Dec Vol 26 (6) pp19-23.
Kazdin, A (1993) "Replication and extension
of behavioral treatment of autistic disorder" American
Journal on Mental Retardation Jan Vol 97(4), pp 377-379.
Lovaas, O (1987) "Behavioral treatment
and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young
autistic children" Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology Vol 55(1), pp 3-9.
Lovaas, O & Smith, T (1989) "A comprehensive
behavioral theory of autistic children: paradigm for research
and treatment" Journal of Behavioral Therapy and
Experimental Psychiatry Vol 20(1), pp 17-29.
Lovaas, O; Smith, T & McEachin, J (1989)
"Clarifying comments on the Young Autism Study: reply
to Schopler, Short and Mesibov" Journal of Consulting
and Clinical Psychology Vol 57(1), pp 165-167.
Lovaas, O (1993) "The development of
a treatment-research project for developmentally disabled
and autistic children" Journal of Applied Behavior
Analysis Win Vol 26(4), pp 617-630.
Lynch, S (1998) "Intensive behavioural
intervention with a 7-year-old girl with autism" Autism
Vol 2(2), pp 181-197.
McEachin, J; Smith, T & Lovaas, O (1993)
"Long-term outcome for children with autism who received
early intensive behavioral treatment" American Journal
on Mental Retardation Jan Vol 97 (4), pp 359-372.
Mesibov, G (1993) "Treatment outcome
encouraging" American Journal on Mental Retardation
Jan Vol 97(4), pp 379-380.
Mudford, O [et al] (2001) "Parent managed
behavioral treatment for preschool children with autism:
some characteristics of UK programs" Research in
Developmental Disabilities May-June Vol 22(3), pp 173-182.
Perry, R; Cohen, I & DeCarlo, R (1995)
"Case study: deterioration, autism, and recovery in
two siblings" Journal of the American Academy of
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Feb Vol 34(2), pp 232-237.
Pietrzak, T (1996) "An overview to discrete
trial learning" Paper presented at the 1996 Victorian
Autism Conference: "Leading the Way".
Rimland, B (1994) "Recovery from autism
is possible" Autism Research Review International
Vol 8(2), p 3.
Sallows, G and Tamlynn, D "Replicating
Lovaas’ treatment and findings: preliminary results"
Paper presented at the the PEACH Conference, London June
1999.
Sallows, G (2000) "Educational interventions
for children with autism in the UK" Early Child
Development and Care Vol 163, pp 25-47.
Shapiro, T & Herztzig, M (1995) "Applied
behavioral analysis: astonishing results?" Journal
of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Oct Vol 34(10), pp 1255-1256.
Sheinkopf S & Siegel, B (1998) "Home-based
behavioral treatment of young children with autism"
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Vol
28(1), pp15-23.
Schopler, E; Short, A & Mesibov, G (1989)
"Relation of behavioral treatment to "normal functioning":
comment on Lovaas" Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology Vol 57(1), pp 162-164.
Smith, T & Lovaas, O (1997) "The
UCLA Young Autism Project: a reply to Gresham and MacMillan"
Behavioral Disorders Aug Vol 22(4) 202-218.
Smith, T & Lovaas, O (1998) "Sex
and bias: reply to Boyd" Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders Aug Vol 28(4), pp 343-344.
Smith, T; McEachin, J & Lovaas, O (1993)
"Comments of replication and evaluation of outcome"
American Journal of Mental Retardation Jan Vol 97
(4), pp 385-391.
Smith, T [et al} "Intensive behavioral
treatment for preschoolers with severe mental retardation
and pervasive developmental disorder" American Journal
on Mental Retardation Vol 102(3), pp 238-249.
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Australian
Agencies
Center for Autism and Related Disorders
(CARD)
757 Elizabeth St
Zetland NSW 2017
Phone: (02) 9310 4411
Fax: (02) 9310 1611
Email CARDAustralia@aol.com
Autism Behavioural Intervention Association
Inc
ABIA Resource Centre
Attention: Julia Seedsman
PO Box 443 Ashburton, VIC, 3147
Phone: (03) 9885 7463
Fax: 03 9885 7463
Email: abia@netlink.com.au
Website: http://home.vicnet.net.au/~abia
Autism Behavioural Intervention Queensland
PO Box 7053
Brendale Qld 4500
Phone / Fax:(07) 3264 2582
E-mail enquiries@abiq.org
Website: http://www.abiq.org
Intervention Services for Autism and Developmental
Delay
2 Butcher Road
Roleystone WA
PO Box 255
Kelmscott WA 6991
Phone: (08) 9397 5970
Fax: (08) 9397 6258
Website: http://www.isadd.org
Learning To Learn
P.O. Box 499,
Willoughby NSW 2068
Email: seana@bigpond.net.au
Website: http://www.learningtolearnsydney.com
Dr Robyn Young / Carrie Johns
Department of Psychology, Flinders University
Phone: 8201 5261
Website: http://www.ssn.flinders.edu.au/psyc/research/autism/about.php
Dr Young & Carrie Johns run a research project and can
be contacted about involvement
Woodbury Autism Education and Research
Woodbury is an ABA school in New South Wales, Australia
Phone: (02) 9639 6152
Website: www.woodbury.org.au
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